Personal Statement My Life Essay - 1217 Words

Five words kept replaying in my mine, â€Å"Promise me you won’t tell anyone,† and I did that; without hesitation, I promised. Overwhelmed with emotions that are churning through by body, I’ve realized that I’ve just made a statement that consequently, I would grow to regret. Feeling bemused and as though I can barely breathe, and knowing that I will betray her, the decision is made. Every part of my being knows that I must find him; at her expense. Childhood was a joyous time. Having had amazing parents who were my role models, they were the epitome of love. Frequently, I would catch the special moments of hand holding, kissing, hugging and laughing like teenagers; it seemed as though they had it all. Friendship was the foundation of their marriage, followed by a romance and dedication to each other that I had never witnessed in another couple. Always invested in our lives, they implemented strong family values and morals that would help shape us as adults. Remaining close to them as I entered adulthood and moved away, we talked almost daily. Becoming grandparents suited them well and my children were able to form close and bonding relationships with them. Although my military service kept us at a physical distance, our visits were abundant and we made the most of our time together. Relocating to Nashville, GA, was a decision my parents had made after my father became ill. His wish was to surround himself with family and enjoy his retirement in the warmer weather.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : My Life998 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Statement ï » ¿ ï » ¿ ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿I was born in the historical city of Patiala, town in northern part of India. All my ancestors right until my father have been businessmen. Due to early demise of my Grandfather my father had to take over his clothing business in his early 20 s. He could not complete his studies due to responsibilities he had toRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life848 Words   |  4 PagesOne day I was going through my Facebook profile, and I recognized I was friends with five hundred and eighty people. I was dumbfounded by the great number of individuals I am associated with through my profile. I went through the list to identify several people who I have never met in real life. Most of them were schoolmates, college mates and individuals I had mutual friends with. I was Facebook friends with a majority of them, just because we were part of the same organization. I went to the sameRead MorePersonal Statement On My Life876 Words   |  4 PagesTo me, my life stories are my adventures. H owever, to some; they are just life. I believe that certain events in my life have not only shaped who I am, but have helped construct my values, and me as a person. My life started off differently that what most people would consider the normal. In the beginning on my life, my dad was not there for me virtually at all. However, over time he came around and regained his position as the father figure in my life. I lived in Protection, Kansas for theRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life1734 Words   |  7 PagesIn my past I was constantly striving for achievements, whether it was school, music, or good deeds in general, I wanted to be the best and stand out. This was not because those things gave me a sense of personal satisfaction, but rather it was because I wanted to finally be good enough for my dad to be proud of me or for my mom to take an actual personal interest in who I was and not what I could provide for her. By the time I had moved across the country to go to college and to, frankly, begin writingRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life975 Words   |  4 PagesMy life in America started with a couple of unfortunate events that changed me profoundly. In the first six months in this country, I learned to be resilient, innovated and decisive. Thanks to those experiences I was prepared to achieve my American Dream. Before I moved to this country, I was a studious girl, that owned a small cloth shop in a town in the middle of the jungle. I could only dream of having a successful career. It was very unlikely that a girl from the Choco, the poorest and leastRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life869 Words   |  4 Pagescrazy how a minute detail can change the entire outcome a situation. Life has many hardships, I for one believe that it is these hardships that shapes us into what we are today. I was about ten years old but had the mentality of a four year old boy. Mostly cried when I was denied a toy or grounded for being mischievous. Like every other week I would grind my way into emotionally blackmailing my parents to allow me to go to my friends place and then go the extra mile to stay as long as possible.Read MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life878 Words   |  4 PagesOne day when I came home from school, I wanted to say hello to my step dad but he was in the shower. Therefore, I went straight to my room without saying hello to him. After a few minute s I heard the shower turn off in the bathroom. When he opened the bathroom door I heard him yelling my name, so I quickly ran to him to see if he was ok.When I saw him he told me he did not feel good and could not walk. I told him to stop playing around because he always joked about his health. But he told me he wasRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life918 Words   |  4 Pagesreceiving my associate’s degree in applied science. My journey to obtain my associates has not been easy. Nevertheless, I am accomplishing my goal and over the moon to be doing so. I did not plan to get my associates, I had originally planned just to bypass it completely and move on to get a bachelor in biology, however my health had other plans in mind. My health complications forced me to change my perspective on my life and to reconstruct how I prioritized everything in my life. My dream is toRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life945 Words   |  4 Pagestennis practice, I saw my parents talking to each other in the same room; which was unusual, considering they have not spoken with each other since their divorce, and typically begin to argue when they communicate. They told me to have a seat on the pew of my piano because they had something important to address. My father had opened the conversation with one question: Do you know what you re going to do when we re no longer here to support you? I sat there contemplating what my answer will be, butRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life1110 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the plethora of papers sitting on my desk, hoping to find the career pamphlet that tells me who I am and what I am supposed to be doing with my life, I realize that no one other than myself can answer â€Å"Who am I? Who am I in the process of becoming?† As I begin to map out my future in accordance with my interests and career g oals, I realize how lending a helping hand and acting as role models for others have been an essential part of my daily life. I aspire to impact the lives of others, as

Importance Of Pragmatics In Communication Skills Education Essay Free Essays

I teach particular instruction and most of the pupils that I service are with me for reading and written look. I have several English linguistic communication scholars and many of them are at different degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. However, I have had some trouble distinguishing their direction to turn to their specific linguistic communication degrees until I took this class. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Of Pragmatics In Communication Skills Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bing a particular instruction instructor implies that I am inherently able to distinguish pupil direction. However, before taking these two categories, I lacked specific preparation in schemes for English linguistic communication scholars. These classs jogged my memory as to the huge facets of merely larning any linguistic communication. My particular instruction coursework included the reading, composing, hearing, and talking spheres of linguistic communication, but most of the particular instruction direction focused to a great extent on reading and composing direction, with less accent on speech production and hearing. First Idea The first thought that I found insightful was the importance of pragmatics in communicating accomplishments. I did non pass a batch of clip believing about the usage of linguistic communication in societal state of affairss and the specific map of how linguistic communication may be used. The critical facet of propinquity was enlightening. That instructors should be after activities to learn English scholars the appropriate distance for conversation with grownups was fresh to me, as I was non really cognizant that in the United States colloquial distance is one arm A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s length apart. Second Idea The 2nd thought that I gained from this class is the significance of semantics in linguistic communication and how that relates to English linguistic communication scholars understanding of specific words and their relationship in overall linguistic communication acquisition. In my schoolroom direction I have struggled with the indication and intension of words. I find that pupils frequently have trouble with words that have two or more significances and it is particularly hard for them to retrieve to utilize the word in the appropriate context when speech production or discoursing a narrative or specific subject. Third Idea The 3rd thought that I gleaned from this class was about specific schemes for English linguistic communication scholars to develop Tier III vocabulary. I knew small about blood relations and their usage in learning with shared Latin and Greek rooted vocabulary. I am already utilizing bilingual lexicons in my category, nevertheless the word-books are a scheme that I was unfamiliar with and have late implemented in my reading and composing direction. Fourth Idea Ideas sing idiomatic linguistic communication and the effectual schemes to learn parlances to English linguistic communication scholars were really helpful. The highlighting activity every bit good as the Loop games that allow English scholars to pattern appropriate parlance use are enlightening and I found both schemes resourceful. Fifth Idea The 5th thought I found important involved equality versus equity and the Supreme Court instance Lau vs. Nichols which refined the definition of just instruction for pupils specifically for English linguistic communication scholars. The picture explained the construct of equality as each pupil being given the same installations, course of study, text editions, and instructors does in no manner supply a meaningful instruction to English scholars. However, with the construct of equity, every pupil may non have the same thing, but alternatively their instruction is tailored to run into their specific demands. This tribunal instance appears to hold paved the manner for differentiated direction. Why Identified Ideas are Important to My Teaching Assignment All of the thoughts I identified are of import to being an effectual instructor. Lau vs. Nichols is basically important for non merely English linguistic communication scholars, but for pupils having particular instruction services. Equity is the foundation of differentiated direction, which I pattern daily as all of my pupils are at different instructional degrees and it is indispensable to develop effectual lessons that address academic shortages for each single pupil. Parlances are besides rather hard for pupils with larning disablements and by larning schemes and activities to heighten pupil apprehension of idiomatic linguistic communication will doubtless increase overall comprehension. English linguistic communication scholars with larning disablements will necessitate the necessary cognition to voyage and understand the huge sum of words or phrases that have multiple significances. Ultimately, my end as a particular instruction instructor is to assist pupils develop vocabulary and many of the Tier III vocabulary schemes and activities will help pupils with larning disablements learn new vocabulary in the same manner that English scholars will larn new words. How to Implement Three Ideas into Current Teaching Assignment Three thoughts I plan to ab initio implement are either separately or in a little group puting. First, during reading direction and composing direction it will non be hard to present the word books to heighten deeper vocabulary apprehension among my pupils with larning disablements that are besides English scholars. Several of my pupils enjoy pulling and art and by leting them to take ownership of their word books through the usage of illustrations, images and exposures, I think this can be a fun hands-on activity that will be ongoing throughout the remainder of the school twelvemonth. I am still learning at a twelvemonth unit of ammunition school and this is a good clip to implement non merely word books, but several other schemes that I learned in this class. Now that I have a deeper apprehension of pragmatics in linguistic communication acquisition, I plan to learn specific societal communicating accomplishments and propinquity through direct direction, mold, and role-playing assorted scenarios. Many of my pupils stand excessively near to their instructors, equals, and other staff members. I hope that by specifically doing it a point to learn appropriate propinquity to English linguistic communication scholars, they will be able to see immediate success. I have already begun learning idiomatic linguistic communication to several pupils by foregrounding phrases I have found in needed reading stuffs. Besides, the Loop games are planned for this hebdomad and I hope the games will heighten overall apprehension of several often used parlances. Expectations and Immediate Results of Implementation of Specified Ideas By implementing the aforesaid thoughts, I surely expect my pupils to increase Tier III vocabulary, idiomatic linguistic communication activities and pragmatics affecting propinquity preparation. Additionally, by increasing my instructional focal point on supplying the English linguistic communication scholars diagnosed with larning disablements non merely talking and listening chances, but integrating new activities with authorship applications and written look from the really beginning of reading direction. Besides by previewing cardinal vocabulary before listening and prompting the pupils more pointedly on what to listen for during an audio-taped narrative or text, I expect a more favourable result necessary for them to larn non merely appropriate English communicating accomplishments, but furthermore a deeper apprehension of vocabulary word significance. Furthermore, since I have taken this class, I began holding my pupils maintain their ain personal word book with their pick of illustrations, exposures, and/or icons in concurrence with their ain short definitions to help them in remembering the significance of a word. By giving pupils extra authorship pattern with the word book, I hope to better their overall authorship ability. Recently, I began to reexamine the needed narratives from the course of study that my English linguistic communication scholars use and highlight any idiomatic phrases or looks that the pupils may be fighting with on the overhead projector in a little group puting where I can discourse and examine them for understanding. Long Term Results of Implementing Specified Ideas With the authorization of No Child Left Behind, schools are under utmost force per unit area to show that all pupils will do equal annual advancement toward prescribed educational ends. As a extremely qualified instructor, I am responsible for presenting meaningful direction that meets the demands of all pupils. By implementing specified thoughts, schemes, and activities the long term consequences will be that all pupils will hold a purposeful instruction taking them to a productive and comfortable life, every bit good as being able to pass on efficaciously across a assortment scenes. How to cite Importance Of Pragmatics In Communication Skills Education Essay, Essay examples

How does Shakespeare create and use comedy in the play Twelfth Night Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare create and use comedy in the play Twelfth Night Essay Twelfth Night is a play written by William Shakespeare to be performed on stage. It was written at around 1600 and about half way through Shakespeares career as a playwright. The first recorded production was given at the Hall of the Inner Temple, London in 1602. The play is known has Twelfth Night because it was originally performed on the twelfth night of Christmas. The play was not officially named, but has a subtitle of Or What you Will meaning whatever you want to call it. The play has many of the elements common to Elizabethan romantic comedy, including the devices of mistaken identity, separated twins, and gender-crossing disguise, and its plot revolves around overcoming obstacles to true love. The play uses many concepts of comedy and there are two main plots in the play, the main love plot and a comic sub-plot. The romantic main plot is based around confusion and mistaken identity. There is a love triangle at the centre of all the chaos. The three characters involved in the triangle are Orsino, Viola and Olivia. Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia and Olivia loves Viola. Although all three of these characters claim to be in love only Viola is actually in love. Both Orsino and Olivia are in love with the idea and concept of love. Orsino claims to love Olivia but barely knows her and over exaggerates his love for her. In Act 1: Scene 1 Orsino opens the play with his feelings for his love for Olivia, If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken and so die. Orsino is ordering the musicians to use up all the love sick thoughts that are torturing him with the help of their music. He claims to want the feelings he is experiencing to go away but I think that Orsino loves every minute of his over-exaggerated love for Olivia. In Act 1: Scene 1 lines 41-42, not long after claiming he wants his feelings to go, Orsino says, Away before me to sweet beds of flowrs: Love-thoughts lie rich when canopied with bowrs. Orsino now wants to go to the garden to enjoy his romantic mood again. In the play we see that Orsino is self-indulgent and cares more about his love for Olivia rather than interacting with the outside world. Only after the arrival of Viola in Act 1: Scene 4 does Orsino begins to break out of his self-involved character. Of course Orsino relates to Viola and not Cesario without really knowing it. Shakespeare shows that Orsino is contradicting himself here. He shows the audience that Orsino is fake. The audience find it comical whenever Orsino speaks of his love for Olivia because they know it is fake. Viola, who has survived a ship wreck in the play and as lost her identical twin brother in the accident, decides to disguise herself as a man named Cesario. Viola, disguised as Cesario, gets a job as a servant for Orsino. Viola quickly discovers her love for him and this love is the purest of all throughout the play. In Act 2: Scene 4 lines 112-115 Viola speaks of her love for Orsino, Feed on her damask cheek. She pind in thought; And with a green and yellow melancholy She sat like Patience on a monument, Smiling at grief. Was not this love indeed? She lets Orsino know that she has been love sick and that the love she has for him has been eating away at her. But she has been enduring it cheerfully. Viola is the only character in the play who is not ridiculed. She has no serious faults and is a likable figure throughout the play. Only when her brother arrives in Illyria can she unveil her true self and true feelings. Shakespeare uses Viola as the linking person in the love triangle. She is involved with both Orsino and Olivia. Viola is the link to all of the romantic main plot and Shakespeare uses her to create many comical situations and events throughout the play. Olivia is a similar character to Orsino in many ways. She too is self-indulgnt and cares only for mourning her dead brother than to mingle with the outside world. Olivia seems more concerned about her sorrow and self-pity rather than to go out and find her true love. So false are her feelings for her dead brother are that as soon as Viola, disguised as Cesario, steps onto the scene all her sorrow is forgotten and she is swept away with a new emotion, love. This is again another example of Shakespeare using a character contradicting them to create comedy. In Act 1: Scene 5 lines 285-287 Olivia describes love-at-first-sight when she first saw Cesario, Thou Art The Thing Itself: A Journey From King To Father EssayMaria, a servant to Olivia, is the cleverest character in the play along with Feste the clown. She is the architect of the letter that fools Malvolio and even begins to put Sir Toby right where he had been doing wrong. She is sort of like Malvolio in the way that she feels she can only rise in the world through marriage. She succeeds were Malvolio fails because she is more in tune with the topsy-turvy spirit of the play than he is. She also can mix with both the upper and lower class characters in the play, just like Feste the clown. All of the dialogue used in this plot is in normal prose. From Act 1: Scene 3 when Sir Andrew and Sir Toby are talking we can see that they are speaking in normal speech and not versus like the romantic main plot. Shakespeare teaches throughout the play that pretence is a bad thing and that you should not be ashamed of whom you are. We know this due to Shakespeares constant use of mistaken identity. Also, all the people who pretend to be somebody else find themselves in strange situations and are ridiculed throughout the play. Feste the clown is the only character to feature in and out of both plots without getting caught up in any of the chaos and havoc surrounding the play. He mixes with the dirty humour of Sir Toby Belch just as well as he mixes with people with a wittier humour such as Olivia. Also Feste is a character in the play who speaks in both verse and normal prose this proves the point that he can mix with any character on stage. Of all the characters on stage only Viola can match his wits, he even out wits the clever Maria. It is ironic that of all the characters on stage, Feste the clown, the fool, is the most intelligent of all people. Shakespeare uses many different comical devices during Twelfth Night all of which are still used today in modern comedies. In the play Shakespeare uses hamartia which means that all the characters have a flaw. For example Malvolios flaw was that he was arrogant and pretended to be something that he was not and in the end he paid for his flaws. Olivia and Orsinos flaw was that they were both self-indulgnt. Shakespeare also uses dramatic irony. This is when the audience know more than the characters on stage. An example of this is when the audience know that the letter is forged but Malvolio dresses in yellow stockings and cross garters but Olivia is baffled, Malvolio Remember who commended thy yellow stockings,- Olivia Thy yellow stockings? Malvolio And wishd to see thee cross-garterd. Olivia Cross-garterd? Mistaken identity is a device which Shakespeare uses a lot in this play and forms two plots upon it. The main plot, where Viola is mistaken for a man and Olivia marries a man she has never even met before in Sebastian, and the comic sub-plot where Malvolio pretends to be somebody that he is not. This combined with dramatic irony is the funniest device Shakespeare uses in the play. Shakespeare also plays on words a lot in this play, or uses a pun, an example of this is in Act 1: Scene 3 line 18, Hes as tall a man as anys in Illyria. This is used by Sir Toby to describe Sir Andrew meaning he is a good fellow but also it could me he is actually tall and that is all that he has to offer. The puns are used a lot throughout the play mainly in the comic sub-plot. Also throughout the play there is a lot of reference to sex which Shakespeare used in a lot of his comedies in order to get a laugh. Lots of these references though would escape a modern audience. The purpose of this comedy is too make people laugh, and even though times have changed parts of this play are still amusing. This is because Shakespeare created and used elements of comedy that are still regularly used today. He uses the characters to contradict and ridicule themselves to make people laugh. He uses the theme of love to do this because all of the audience can relate to this. Shakespeare is very clever in choosing the characters in the play. The poor people in the audience will find it amusing that the rich people on stage are getting ridiculed, whereas the rich members of the audience will find the more intellectual side of the amusing. Shakespeare was a comic genius and this is proven because the devices he used are still used and are still found funny to this day.

Swot Aol Time Warner Essays - SWOT, Strategic Management, AOL

Swot Aol Time Warner Advanced Search Preferences Language Tools Search Tips Web Images Groups Directory Searched the web for SWOT aol . Results 41 - 50 of about 1,200. Search took 0.20 seconds. AOL - Try AOL 7.0 FREE! 1000 Hours for 45 days! free.aol.com 7 E-mail Addresses, Instant Messaging and more! Try it today Sponsored Link The Guide2GiftBiz Homepage ... Well the same thing goes for your email. Lets face it - [emailprotected] or [emailprotected] just doesn't give that warm fuzzy feeling of confidence to ... www.guide2giftbiz.com/ - 24k - Cached - Similar pages [PDF] Quality News File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML ... and 3 what is called a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis ... 522-2803 or e-mail [emailprotected] . Montana Area Members Our Montana ... eastidahoasq.hypermart.net/feb_2001_newsletter.pdf - Similar pages [PDF] 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML The summary for this Japanese page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. www.net.intap.or.jp/INTAP/cdn/cdn_2-9.pdf - Similar pages BA 8993/Strategic and International Management ... technical problems you are having with AOL. Please expect to give full attention ... the course. Two required tools are SWOT and Five-Force analysis. You ... www.gsu.edu/~mgtrhh/8993f01i.htm - 68k - Cached - Similar pages Read News ... Ever Onward''. E-mail Address: [emailprotected] (PUC/AUP CYBER-LINK ... School discussion, revolving around the ''SWOT'' (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and ... www.filipinoadventist.org/community/bulletin/news.asp?SectionID=1&ArticleID=626 - 26k - Cached - Similar pages Read News ... HOLDS RETREAT by CJR Miranda IV, MD [emailprotected] ... discussion, revolving around the ''SWOT'' (strengths, weaknesses,. opportunities and threats) analysis of the ... www.filipinoadventist.org/community/bulletin/news.asp?SectionID=1&ArticleID=619 - 46k - Cached - Similar pages [ More results from www.filipinoadventist.org ] Euroseek - Roller Coasters ... first drop. http://www.coasterphotos.com/SWOT/steeleel.htm 5. Kennywood Park Roller ... its demolished predecessor. http://members.aol.com/RobbRipken/knoebel.html 7 ... webdir.euroseek.net/page.php/United+States/Lifestyle/Hobbies/ Hobbies&Interests+A-Z/Interests+Q-R/Roller+Coaster+Fans/Roller+Coasters?ct=world - 28k - Cached - Similar pages Google Directory - Business * Management * Strategy and ... Business

Climate Change Caused by Human Essays

Climate Change Caused by Human Essays Climate Change Caused by Human Essay Climate Change Caused by Human Essay Examine the role of one human activity in causing climate change With the rapid development of contemporary society, the balance between human and the nature has been destroyed. The increase of globally averaged temperature on the earth’s surface has occurred over the past century. Thus, climate problems have been the initial international issue to be handled. Industrial production is one of human activities causing climate change. Firstly, this essay will analyze how carbon dioxide and small carbon particles lead to climate change. Secondly, this essay will present the cooling effect of Feron on global temperature. Finally, this essay will discuss how deforestation in expanding industrial land changes climate. The combustion of fossil fuels is inevitable in industrial production, because it provides extreme high temperature and continuous heat. It is the direct contributor to climate changes by emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased since industrial revolution. In the past ten years, the situation has deteriorated, as the increase in the concentration has become far quicker than previous predictions (Adam, 2007). The majority of carbon dioxide emission results from fossil fuels. Due to the increasing atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, more sun energy is absorbed and trapped in the atmosphere, enhancing greenhouse effect (NDPI, 2008). Not only greenhouse gases but also carbon particles, consisting of heavy smoke which is produced by burning fossil fuels, are responsible for climate change. These particles gather in clouds, increasing the density of the atmosphere, which causes sun heat radiation be absorbed and trapped inside the earth without being released. With less heat reflecting back to the space, negative impacts on earth’s warming are amplifyed. Consequently, burning fossil fuels in industrial production is a major cause of climate change. Freon, used as refrigerant in some industrial equipment, is another greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. This gas will corrode ozone layer, which helps to prevent ultraviolet rays from reaching the Earth, by several chemical actions; whereas the gas itself plays the role of catalyst, which means it will not reduce when decomposing ozone. If the earth is exposed to excessive ultraviolet rays, humans will suffer from skin diseases and the ecological environment will be under a dangerous condition. The news said that both Antarctic and Arctic sky had holes and the holes were expanding. It is a warning that requires effective measurements to reduce the release of Freon. Contrary to general perspective, the depletion of ozone has a net effect on cooling the Earth’s surface instead of warming it (Hamgurg, 1997). However, this greenhouse gas is still responsible for climate change. In order to enlarge factories, people require more flat land, leading to deforestation, which is another cause of climate change in industrial production. Thousands of forests are being cut down every year, posing a serious problem that destroying the balance between carbon and oxygen to the nature. If the area of forests continue to reduce, extra carbon dioxide cannot be absorbed and not enough oxygen can be produced, which means that the nature will lose the capability of adjusting the composition of atmosphere. Without the proper percent of oxygen in the atmosphere, various plants will be unable to survive, resulting in the increasingly severe destruction of the carbon and oxygen balance. Eventually, this negative cycle in the nature enhances climate change. In conclusion, industrial development plays a vital role in climate change. The emission of Feron erodes ozone layers, which cools the temperature; the combustion of fossil fuels in order to gain extreme high temperature and provide continuous heat, as well as deforestation which creates more space for factories, increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is a significant cause of the warmer climate. Reference: Adam, D. (2007) Carbon output rising faster than forest, say study. The Guardian online. Available at: guardian. co. k/environment/2007/oct/23/climatechange. canbonemission (Access 17 January 2011) Hamburg, S. R. et al. (1997) What Human Activities Contribute to Climat Change? Washington DC: United Environment Programme-World Meteorological Organization. Available from: gcrio. org/ipcc/qa/06. html (Accessed 17 January 2011 ) NSW Department of Primary Industries (2008), What is climate change? Available from: dpi. nsw. gov. au/research/topics/climate-change/cause (Accessed 17 January 2011)

7 effective strategies for college students

7 Effective Strategies For College Students You Are Finally on Your Own- Be Safe Graduation is over and you are headed to college. A world that begins your transition from young adult, to adulthood. For many this is an exciting time. Time to be on your own and make your own choices. While it is going to be great not to have your mom walk in on you while you are doing God knows what, and to not have your dad looming by while you are talking on the phone with friends, becoming an adult comes with responsibility. Yeah, that word again. You will be running into that word the rest of your life, and then you will be passing it on to your kids one day. Before you settle into the daily grind of college life, and write essay number one, take time to go over these important steps that may keep you responsible and safe enough to finish college. Choose Friends Wisely Everyone wants to be liked, and you had protection at home when your parents could watch over you, and get on your nerves about what friends you chose. Everyone that smiles is not a friend, and many of your college mates may not be those that you would want around if you are there to gain that degree. Partying is one thing, but overdoing it is another. Be the one that knows how to say â€Å"no†, it is a word that will come in handy. Secure Your Belongings Laptops, phones, IPods, these are costly and your parents are not going to want to keep sending you these things if they are lost or stolen. You do not want to have to work hard and have to buy them over and over again either. Invest in an engraving tool and computing system locks, there are many online that are inexpensive. E-mail Your Professors This is so important. Let them know that you are happy to be coming to their classes or even ask for  college essay help. Nurturing a relationship with them is going to be valuable as you move from semester to semester. They have been at the college for many years, well some of them, and they know what you need to succeed. Some will even lay out your entire path for you, advising what classes to take now, and which ones to wait to take. Save Money If you have millions of dollars you can skip this one. Most of us don’t have the privilege of parents with fat bank accounts to send money to us every month, so be thrifty. You don’t have to have 100-dollar tennis shoes to look your best, and ramen noodles taste good when the right veggies are added to them. There are books to be bought, and they are expensive, so rent them. Used books are okay too, as a matter of fact, the notes in them from other students that came before you can be priceless. Although you may have to buy essays online from the  best college essay writing service  if you are behind in your schedule, don’t make a habit of it. Saved money can go towards much needed copy costs and travel fares. Bike or Walk Campuses can be huge, and so can the bus fare to get around them in bigger cities. Get a good bike or walk, not only will you be healthier, you will save a ton of money. Try to get Your Syllabus Early Many professors will gladly send it if you ask for it when you email them and introduce yourself. This is a great way to get to the bookstore before the rush in the first week of school. Utilize the Study Lab The less wear and tear you put on your personal computer or laptop, the better. The computer study lab and college library are there for your use and the extra icing on the cake is that it is usually very quiet and you can study effectively. This wasn’t the normal how to get your studying done guide you may have been looking for, however, print this out and put it on the back of your door to your dorm room, or on your mirror. After you are practical about how to live your life on campus, the rest will be easier to handle. Those talks that your parents gave you before leaving home were not to nag you, but were to keep you safe. Don’t forget to call them, they miss you more than you could ever know, and you know you miss them too.

The driving forces in the changing role of accountants Literature review

The driving forces in the changing role of accountants - Literature review Example new business models and shifts in business-oriented demographics.In total, these forces of change are pushing or driving new societal values, expectations and needs and is entrusting more accountabilities on accountants to respond to these changes. In short, these changes are changing every feature of our globe in general and thrusting new duties on accountants in particular. Due to changes in the business sector due to various factors as enumerated below, there is an increasing recognition in business community for the need to develop a thorough understanding of these changes and other upcoming drivers of change and to equip themselves for a wide scale of probable future scenarios. Hence, it is significant and vital for the accounting profession to recognise the major factors and forces that are likely to shape the future. This will facilitate them to face sprouting shocks and to capitalise by acquiring new talents and skills. The study of drivers of change is important to the accountaning profession and for business executives so as to make them to prepare for the challenges from an indecisive tomorrow. This research study will investigate the promising drivers of change that could have the severe effect on accountancy profession and for the business over the ensuing decades. This study has referred various previous empirical studies on the subject to prove its research hypothesis, i.e. the important drivers for change in the role of accountants in the ensuing decade. This research study makes an attempt to offer a balanced picture on the effect of changing roles of the accounting professionals in the ensuing 5 to 10 years. The main research question will be â€Å"what are the driving forces in the changing roles of the accounting professionals in the coming decade and what the opportunity and confronts will it foster for the accounting professionals? This research study will mainly use secondary data like books, peer view journal articles, previous

Grand Bazaar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Grand Bazaar - Essay Example Much desired because of its favorable location, the city has often been a reason for military tension. It has also changed several names, such as, for instance, Byzantium, Nova Roma and Constantinople. Another interesting fact is that it has been a capital of two powerful empires - the Byzantine and the Ottoman. The old wooden Grand Bazaar was built by Sultan Mehmet II, who conquered Constantinople, the capital of Byzantine Empire in 1453, and also named the city Istanbul. The Bazaar was getting bigger quickly. Presently it covers 30 hectares, and comprises about 4000 shops, forming a real labyrinth with its numerous arched passages. There are also banks, mosques, police stations, fountains, and restaurants. Twenty two gates lead into the Bazaar out of different streets (Historical places of Istanbul). Mark Twain depicted the place as follows: "We went to the grand Bazaar in Stamboul, of course, and I shall not describe it further than to say it is a monstrous hive of little shops--thousands, I should say--all under one roof, and cut up into innumerable little blocks by narrow streets which are arched overhead". For a tourist it must seem very difficult not to get lost, however, there is no need to panic: the street signs and tourist information signs are everywhere. The Bazaar also plays a role of unofficial financial centre: different currencies are exchanged by most shopkeepers. At Grand Bazaar one f... The vendors try to attract customers by telling history of the buildings construction, local legends, suggesting the most interesting places to visit and to take pictures of. Some European tourist might feel tired with the constant invitations. Travel guides claim it is better to say thank you and firmly make through crowd ahead, in case you are not interested. If one tries the free drinks and talks to the vendors it does not mean, though, he has to buy the goods. Bargaining is expected and often it is possible to lower the price about 20%. It is a good idea to learn the local price for the items you wish to buy, for once it is discovered you do not have a clue, you are likely to pay the so called tourist price. Grand Bazaar seems all sparkling and glittering. Jewelry stalls with gold and silver, as well as displays of colourful lamps and lanterns make it like this. Flickr and other servers are full of the bright images of such stalls, uploaded by the thrilled travellers. It is believed that Grand Bazaar offers the biggest variety of jewelry in the world. Olivia Wells in her "Secrets of the Grand Bazaar" names best jewelry shops. She describes Kafkas as the most luxurious one, where it is possible to purchase true treasures without being afraid of swindle, and where the security and anonymity is guaranteed: "From the outside, Kafkas looks much like the hundred or so other jewelry stores lining the street, though I'm keenly aware of the suited men (alertly) loitering outside the closed door as Serkan pulls out a necklace of Kafkas's own design: forty-one carats of rose-cut diamonds scattered around the neck of its black velvet display form". She also finds the price attractive, claiming it to be the third of

Frog and the Nightingale Essay Example for Free

Frog and the Nightingale Essay The book is widely regarded as a classic in India since its first publication in 1946, and provides a broad view of Indian history, philosophy and culture, as viewed from the eyes of a liberal Indian fighting for the independence of his country. In The Discovery of India, Nehru argued that India was a historic nation with a right to sovereignty. (Calhoun, Craig, Nations Matter: Culture, History and the Cosmopolitan Dream, Routledge. In this book, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru tries to study the history of India starting from the Indus Valley Civilization, and then covers the countrys history from the arrival of the Aryans to government under the British Empire. He says that India in the past was country which lived in harmony and peace, but the entry of society evils had a very bad effect on people. The effect of these various people on Indian culture and their incorporation into Indian society is examined. This book also analyses in depth the philosophy of Indian life. This book was dedicated to the Prisoners of Ahmednagar jail. The book became the basis of the 53-episode Indian television series Bharat Ki Khoj, first broadcast in 1988. PREFACE OF THE BOOK BY JAWAHARLAL NEHRU:- This book was written by Jawaharlal Nehru in Ahmadnagar Fort prison during the five months, April to September 1944. Some of his colleagues in prison were good enough to read the manuscript and make a number of valuable suggestions. On revising the book in prison he took advantage of these suggestions and made some additions. No one, he need hardly add, is responsible for what he has written or necessarily agrees with it. But he expresses my deep gratitude to his fellow-prisoners in Ahmadnagar Fort for the innumerable talks and discussions they had, which helped him greatly to clear his own mind about various aspects of Indian history and culture. Prison is not a pleasant place to live in even for a short period, much less for long years. But it was a privilege for me to live in close contact with men of outstanding ability and culture and a wide human outlook which even the passions of the moment did not obscure. His eleven companions in Ahmadnagar Fort were an interesting cross-section of India and represented in their several ways not only politics but Indian scholarship, old and new, and various aspects of present-day India. Nearly all the principal living Indian languages, as well as the classical languages which have powerfully influenced India in the past and present, were represented and the standard was often that of high scholarship. Among the classical languages were Sanskrit and Pali, Arabic and Persian; the modern languages were Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu, Sindhi and Oriya. Jawaharlal Nehru had all this wealth to draw upon and the only limitation was his own capacity to profit by it. Though he was grateful to all his companions, he specially mentioned a few names;Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, whose vast erudition invariably delighted me but sometimes also rather overwhelmed me, Govind Ballabh Pant, Narendra Deva and M. Asaf Ali. The book remains as written in prison with no additions or changes, except for the postscript at the end. He doesnt know how other authors feel about their writings, but always he had a strange sensation when he read something that he had written some time previously. That sensation is heightened when the writing had been done in the close and abnormal atmosphere of prison and the subsequent reading has taken place outside. He could recognize it of course, but not wholly; it seems almost that he was reading some familiar piece written by another, who was near to him and yet who was different. Perhaps that is the measure of the change that had taken place in Jawaharlal Nehru So he has felt about this book also. It is his and not wholly his, as he is constituted today; it represents rather some past self of his which has already joined that long succession of other selves that existed for a while and faded away, leaving only a memory behind . Life in the Jail During his stay in the jail as a prisoner, he talked about the ruins that were there but were covered up by soil or have collapsed. He talks about a courageous, beautiful lady, named Chandbibi, who fought against akbar to protect the fort(where he was staying as prisoner). But at the end she was killed by her own army man. He asks himself that what is his ancestral gift? he discovers that, India is his ancestral gift. It is in his blood. he is the ancesteor of victories and defeats of the past kings, brave works of human from the earliest past to now. He is the heir of all these. A few of his chapters which tell about Jawaharlal Nehru’s life in prison and the various changes in India Time in Prison : The Urge to Action Time seems to change its nature in prison. The present hardly exists, for there is an absence of feeling and sensation which might separate it from the dead past. Even news of the active, living and dying world outside has a certain dream-like un-reality, an immobility and an unchangeableness as of the past. The outer objective time ceases to be, the inner and subjective sense remains, but at a lower level, except when thought pulls it out of the present and experiences a kind of reality in the past or in the future. We live, as Auguste Comte said, dead mens lives, encased in our pasts, but this is especially so in prison where we try to find some sustenance for our starved and locked-up emotions in memory of the past or fancies of the future. There is a stillness and everlastingness about the past; it changes not and has a touch of eternity, like a painted picture or a statue in bronze or marble. Unaffected by the storms and upheavals of the present, it maintains its dignity and repose and tempts the troubled spirit and the tortured mind to seek shelter in its vaulted catacombs. There is peace there and security, and one may even sense a spiritual quality. But it is not life, unless we can find the vital links between it and the present with all its conflicts and problems. It is a kind of art for arts sake, without the passion and the urge to action which are the very stuff of life. Without that passion and urge, there is a gradual oozing out of hope and vitality, a settling down on lower levels of existence, a slow merging into non-existence. We become prisoners of the past and some part of its immobility sticks to us. This passage of the mind is all the easier in prison where action is denied and we become slaves to the routine of jail-life. Yet the past is ever with us and all that we are and that we have comes from the past. We are its products and we live im-mersed in it. Not to understand it and feel it as something living within us is not to understand the present. To combine it with the present and extend it to the future, to break from it where it cannot be so united, to make of all this the pulsating and vibrat-ing material for thought and action—that is life. Any vital action springs from the depths of the being. All the long past of the individual and even of the race has prepared the background for that psychological moment of action. All the racial memories, influences of heredity and environment and training, subconscious urges, thoughts and dreams and actions from infancy and childhood onwards, in their curious and tremendous mix-up, inevitably drive to that new action, which again becomes yet another factor influencing the future. Influencing the future, partly determining it, possibly even largely determining it, and yet, surely, it is not all determinism. Whether there is any such thing as human freedom in the philosophic sense or whether there is only an automatic deter-minism, I do not know. A very great deal appears certainly to be determined by the past complex of events which bear down and often overwhelm the individual. Possibly even the inner urge that he experiences, that apparent exercise of free will, is itself conditioned. As Schopenhauer says, a man can do what he will, but not will as he will. A belief in an absolute deter-minism seems to me to lead inevitably to complete inaction, to death in life. All my sense of life rebels against it, though of course that very rebellion may itself have been conditioned by previous events Lifes Philosophy:- The ideals and objectives of yesterday were still the ideals of to-day, but they had lost some of their lustre and, even as one seemed to go towards them, they lost the shining beauty which had warmed the heart and vitalized the body. Evil triumphed often enough, but what was far worse was the coarsening and distortion of what had seemed so right. Was human nature so essentially bad that it would take ages of training, through suffering and misfortune, before it could behave reasonably and raise man above that creature of lust and violence and deceit that he now was? And, meanwhile, was every effort to change it radically in the present or the near future doomed to failure? Ends and means: were they tied up inseparably, acting and reacting on each other, the wrong means distorting and some-times even destroying the end in view? But the right means might well be beyond the capacity of infirm and selfish human nature. What then was one to do? Not to act was a complete con-fession of failure and a submission to evil; to act meant often enough a compromise with some form of that evil, with all the untoward consequences that such compromises result in. Science does not tell us much, or for the matter of that any-thing about the purpose of life. It is now widening its boun-daries and it may invade the so-called invisible world before long and help us to understand this purpose of life in its widest sense, or at least give us some glimpses which illumine the pro-blem of human existence. The old controversy between science and religion takes a new form—the application of the scientific method to emotional and religious experiences. Some vague or more precise philosophy of life we all have, though most of us accept unthinkingly the general attitude which is characteristic of our generation and environment. Most of us accept also certain metaphysical conceptions as part of the faith in which we have grown up. How amazing is this spirit of man! In spite of innumerable failings, man, throughout the ages, has sacrificed his life and all he held dear for an ideal, for truth, for faith, for country and honour. That ideal may change, but that capacity for self-sacrifice continues, and, because of that, much may be forgiven to man, and it is impossible to lose hope for him. In the midst of disaster, he has not lost his dignity or his faith in the values he cherished. Plaything of natures mighty forces, less than a speck of dust in this vast universe, he has hurled defiance at the elemental powers, and with his mind, cradle of revolution, sought to master them. Whatever gods there be, there is something godlike in man, as there is also something of the devil in him. The future is dark, uncertain. But we can see part of the way leading to it and can tread it with firm steps, remembering that nothing that can happen is likely to overcome the spirit of man which has survived so many perils; remembering also that life, for all its ills, has joy and beauty, and that we can always wander; if we know how to, in the enchanted woods of nature. Indias Strength and Weaknesses:- The search for the sources of Indias strength and for her deterioration and decay is long and intricate. Yet the recent causes of that decay are obvious enough. She fell behind in the march of technique, and Europe, which had long been backward in many matters, took the lead in technical progress. Behind this technical progress was the spirit of science and a bubling life and spirit which displayed itself in many activities and in ad-venturous voyages of discovery. New techniques gave military strength to the countries of western Europe, and it was easy for them to spread out and dominate the East. That is the story not only of India, but of almost the whole of Asia. Why this should have happened so is more difficult to unravel, for India was not lacking in mental alertness and technical skill in earlier times. One senses a progressive deterioration during centuries. The urge to life and endeavour becomes less, the crea-tive spirit fades away and gives place to the imitative. Where triumphant and rebellious thought had tried to pierce the my-steries of nature and the universe, the wordy commentator comes with his glosses and long explanations. Magnificent art and sculpture give way to meticulous carving of intricate detail without nobility of conception or design. The vigour and rich-ness of language, powerful yet simple, are followed by highly ornate and complex literary forms. The urge to adventure and the overflowing life which led to vast schemes of distant coloni-zation and the transplantation of Indian culture in far lands: all these fade away and a narrow orthodoxy taboos even the crossing of the high seas. A rational spirit of inquiry, so evident in earlier times, which might well have led to the further growth of science, is replaced by irrationalism and a blind idolatory of the past. Indian life becomes a sluggish stream, living in the past, moving slowly through the accumulations of dead centuries. The heavy burden of the past crushes it and a kind of coma seizes it. It is not surprising that in this condition of mental stupor and physical weariness India should have deteriorated and remained rigid and immobile, while other parts of the world marched ahead. Every people and every nation has some such belief or myth of national destiny and perhaps it is partly true in each case. Being an Indian I am myself influenced by this reality or myth about India, and I feel that anything that had the power to mould hundreds of generations, without a break, must have drawn its enduring vitality from some deep well of strength, and have had the capacity to renew that vitality from age to age. No people, no races remain unchanged. Continually they are mixing with others and slowly changing; they may appear to die almost and then rise again as a new people or just a variation of the old. There may be a definite break between the old people and the new, or vital links of thought and ideals may join them. History has numerous instances of old and well-established civilizations fading away or being ended suddenly, and vigor-ous new cultures taking their place. Is it some vital energy, sonic inner source of strength that gives life to a civilization or a people, without which all effort is ineffective, like the vain attempt of an aged person to plav the part of a youth? Behind the past quarter of a centurys struggle for Indias independence and all our conflicts with British authority, lay in my mind, and that of many others, the desire to revitalize India. We felt that through action and self-imposed suffering and sacri-fice, through voluntarily facing risk and danger, through refusal to submit to what we considered evil and wrong, would we re-charge the battery of Indias spirit and waken her from her long slumber. Though we came into conflict continually with the British Government in India, our eyes were always turned towards our own people. Political advantage had value only in so far as it helped in that fundamental purpose of ours. Because of this govern-ing motive, frequently we acted as no politician, moving in the narrow sphere of politics only, would have done, and foreign and Indian critics expressed surprise at the folly and intransigence of our ways. Whether we were foolish or not, the historians of the future will judge. We aimed high and looked far. Probably we were often foolish, from the point of view of opportunist politics, but at no time did we forget that our main purpose was to raise the whole level of the Indian people, psychologically and spiritually and also, of course, politically and economically. It was the building up of that real inner strength of the people that we were after, knowing that the rest would inevitably follow. We had to wipe out some generations of shameful subservience and timid submission to an arrogant alien authority. Epilogue of the book:- Jawaharlal Nehru has covered a thousand hand-written pages with a jumble of ideas in his mind. He travelled in the past and peeped into the future and sometimes tried to balance himself on that point of intersection of the timeless with time. His life has been full of happenings in the world and the war has advanced rapidly towards a triumphant conclusion,so far as military victories go. In his own country also much has happened of which he could be only a distant spectator, and waves of unhappiness have sometimes temporarily swept over me and passed on. Because of this business of thinking and trying to give some expression to his thoughts, he has drawn myself away from the piercing edge of the present and moved along the wider expanses of the past and the future. The discovery of India—what had he discovered? It was presumptuous of him to imagine that he could unveil India and find out what India is to-day and what it was in the long past. To-day India is four hundred million separate individual men and women, each differing from the other, each living in a private universe of though and feeling. If this is so in the present, how much more difficult is it to grasp that multitudinous past of innumerable successions of human beings. Yet something has bound them together and binds them still. India is a geographical and economic entity, a cultural unity amidst diversity, a bundle of contradictions held together by strong but invisible threads.

Pagan and Christian Elements in Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

Pagan and Christian Elements in Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The praised epic poem, Beowulf, is the first great heroic poem in English literature. The epic follows a courageous warrior named Beowulf throughout his young, adult life and into his old age. As a young man, Beowulf becomes a legendary hero when he saves the land of the Danes from the hellish creatures, Grendel and his mother. Later, after fifty years pass, Beowulf is an old man and a great king of the Geats. A monstrous dragon soon invades his peaceful kingdom and he defends his people courageously, dying in the process. His body is burned and his ashes are placed in a cave by the sea. By placing his ashes in the seaside cave, people passing by will always remember the legendary hero and king, Beowulf.   In this recognized epic, Beowulf, is abound in supernatural elements of pagan associations; however, the poem is the opposite of pagan barbarism. The presentation of the story telling moves fluidly within Christian surroundings as well as pagan ideals. Beowulf was a recited pagan folklore where the people of that time period believed in gods, goddesses, and monsters. It's significance lies in an oral history where people memorized long, dense lines of tedious verse. Later, when a written tradition was introduced they began to write the story down on tablets. The old tale was not first told or invented by the commonly known, Beowulf poet. This is clear from investigations of the folk lore analogues. The manuscript was written by two scribes around AD 1000 in late West Saxon, the literary dialect of that period. It is believed that the scribes who put the old materials together into their present form were Christians and that his poem reflects a Christian tradition.... ...e epic is the hero's fame, a monument as enduring as earth. Works Cited Primary Source Kermode, Frank, and John Hollander, et al. Beowulf. The Oxford Anthology of English Literature: Vol 1. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. 29-98. Secondary Sources Chickering, Howell D, Jr. Beowulf: A Dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor, 1977. Clark, George. Beowulf. New York: Twayne, 1990. Holland-Crossley, Kevin, and Bruce Mitchell. Beowulf. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Poupard, Dennis, and Jelena O. Krstonc, ed. Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism: Volume 1. Michigan: Gale Research, 1988. Morris, Richard, ed. Blickling Homilies: Sermon 17 of the Tenth Century, Old Series, no. 73. London: EETS, 1880. 209-11. Tuso, Joseph F, ed. Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation Backgrounds and Sources Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton, 1975.   

The Things People Forget in the Heat of the Moment

The task of instructing adolescents about sex has been seen as the responsibility of the parents for many years. But, parent-child communication in sexual matters may be hindered by parental inhibitions or by various intergenerational tensions. Children often times do not receive information on sexual matters from their parents, at least initially. Due to sex related information available to children through mass media, the education board has deemed it necessary to evaluate and change sexual education. The course work has evolved drastically from the idea of teaching merely about sexual reproduction and focusing on abstinence. Rather, now it is important to deal with sex-related topics in the media through more sophisticated and comprehensive programs, deemed necessary to institute in the public school system. This of course has brought about several conflicting views about the course work within the program, raising social and ethical questions here and there. Although the idea of educating such young people about sex is viewed as strange, or as wrong, or even as immoral entirely, it is necessary for the well being of young people to be educated about these matters. Failing to teach young people about sex is like playing a ‘friendly† game of Russian Roulette; the risks are vast, danger is unknown, and death may stare one in the face. Often times failing to teach properly the risks of something causes a lack of knowledge, almost like ignorance, especially regarding the subject of sex. Disastrous consequences can come about because of insignificant information about sex and sex relations. For example, thoughts of pregnancy surface with the lack of protection, but additionally, risks include the possibility of venereal disease spread, such as Gonorrhea, Syphilis, or HIV, in the absence of contraceptives. These serious circumstances are often taken lightly when in ‘the mood† and one must be educated fairly well to understand the extreme importance of safety. This safety may include birth control or forms of contraceptives like male or female condoms, to ensure that one's health is never undermined at any cost. Lack of monogamy and smart sexual relations has made it imperative to take ‘safety precautions†, as comical as it may sound, to ensure that one†s health is not jeopardized. In similarity, Russian Roulette is a game of risks, much like sex. Although the stakes are rather different, sex of late and Russian Roulette alike are merely gambling with one†s life. It seems it might be wiser to choose the latter as a means of destruction. After all, a life stricken with some disease associated with sex can have disastrous effects on one's physical body. For instance, John, an eighteen-year-old freshman at the University of Pennsylvania illustrates this perfectly. He was diagnosed two years ago with a virus he can never be rid of. Diagnosed at the age of sixteen with herpes simplex one, he lives a stressful life, often ridiculed because of constant outbreaks of sores, not only on his genitals, but also in and around his mouth. He dreads the next outbreak everyday, and wishes with every frequent recurrence he had taken the extra ten seconds to put on a condom, for if he had done so, life would be more pleasant (â€Å"FAQ About Genital Herpes†). In addition, take for example Maria. Maria is a junior at Lake Springs High School. She too had a sexual encounter she wishes she could take back. One evening at a party, she drank a few drinks, and before she knew it, she was having intercourse with a man she hardly knew; she couldn†t even recall his name. Now, Maria endures extensive treatment weekly of AZT to hinder the debilitating effects HIV has on her body. She will grow weaker until the day she dies, all because of an unprotected sex act (â€Å"Education†). This information heightens the need for education regarding the proper care and safety precautions one must take when sexually active with another person. With the game of Russian Roulette, though, just one pull of the trigger and there are 1 in 6 chances, one swift blow. In addition, cases exist of Russian Roulette players who are uneventful in killing themselves, yet do serious damage to their brain, causing them to be quadriplegic. Teaching the dangers about sex is not an easy task. No easier is learning to accept consequences, but these must be taught during adolescence for it to be better embedded within one†s thoughts. In addition, danger regarding sex coincides with the risks one takes when the decision to consummate a relationship is made. Teaching youth about the risk of pregnancy and the likelihood of contracting one of a vast array of diseases that range from completely curable with little discomfort, to long, drawn out, and debilitating incurable diseases one must endure the entirety of their life. One could say that a person walking down the street each day puts himself or herself in danger; that there are risks everywhere, and this need not be taught at school, for it is common knowledge. This may be true, but the idea that one can protect themselves from potential danger just by being informed should be basis enough to incorporate a more advanced sexual education course curriculum in the public schooling system. For instance, instead of focusing on abstinence, which is purely opinion, focus on the fact that by the age of 15, more than 18% of U. S. teens have experienced sexual encounters and that by the age of 20, 40% of Caucasian women have conceived at least one child (â€Å"Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors†). Focus also on the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease; focus on the facts, focus on the statistics. Take Russian Roulette for comparison to these dangers associated with sex. Potential dangers are obvious; holding a gun to one†s head and pulling the trigger, the danger seems quite substantial. This means of suicide can be compared to that of unprotected sex. One can illuminate the idea of unprotected sex as a way to commit suicide. A person not knowing the dangers of sex, and a person holding a gun up to one†s head, not thinking that there could be a bullet within the pistol display the same ignorance. The lack of information or education about these two instances could be devastating. Knowing the dangers, but still taking the risk, sex seems a lot like the game of Russian Roulette. Proposals need to be made to fulfill both parents and adolescent concerns in addition to societal needs to incorporate a more advanced form of sexual education. Perhaps issuing more of a homework-based class via an Internet website could fulfill these concerns. The idea in mind would be to lessen a student†s awkwardness of a classroom setting, yet still understanding the necessary material presented. This being beneficial because students are still learning about the subject matter and it would increase a parent†s morale about this course matter, for their children are learning about sex within their home rather than in a classroom, where sexual tensions may be embarrassing. Another proposal is to include the curriculum within already established courses. Academics such as English and History can hold intimate classroom conversation about this subject matter relevant to course curriculum. This means of incorporating the sexual education material within required classes would guarantee that sexual education be at least introduced to these younger individuals. It is not necessarily automatic that one will contract a venereal or sexually transmitted disease, neither is it definite that when the trigger is pulled, the bullet will come raging through for a short journey through the skull. The risks are there though; the danger is there. Without an education to outline these risks and dangers, the results a lack of education would be devastating to society.

Government and Tabacoo Industry

‘ Government Regulation of Tobacco Products Kyle Luckritz Corporate and Social Responsibility BUS 250 Dr. Woods 03/29/13 1. Would you describe the orientation of Reynolds toward tobacco regulation as cooperative or at arm’s length essay writer service review? How about the attitude of Altria? What do you think explains the differences between the two companies’ positions? Reynolds was far from cooperative. They would definitely be considered at arm’s length and ready and willing to fight.Based off the information from the text, the company ran a series of television advertisements that showed the FDA as being overwhelmed and incapable of properly ensuring food and drug safety. While this was Reynolds view and what they did, Altria’s attitude would be considered cooperative. This is because they wanted a â€Å"seat at the table† as the bill was being discussed in Congress. (Lawrence & Weber, 2011) Altria knew that the law would most likely pass anyways, so they took a position that supported the Legislation. They wanted make sure cigarettes would not be outlawed entirely.What explains the difference between the two is that Reynolds was the worst offender when it came to advertising tobacco products to children. In 2008, six states sued the company for using cartoons in advertisement that dealt with cigarettes. This is part of why Reynolds took the stance they did. 2. What public policy inputs, goals, tools, and effects can be found in this discussion case? Public policy inputs are considered external forces that help to shape a government’s policy when making decisions and strategies to address a certain issue or problem. An example of this in this case would be the U.S Surgeon General and the medical reports that declared cigarettes as a health hazard. Another would include the six states that sued the Reynolds Company for violating the agreement about advertisements and cartoons. Public policy goals are usually v ery broad views that are set to help serve several people. The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2009 is meant to protect the youth of America from cigarettes. This law could also expose the tobacco industry to increased financial risks through lower sales and might violate the companies’ first amendment rights to free speech to advertise their products.Another would be the 1998 agreement not to use cartoons in cigarette advertisements which also helps to protect the youth. Public policy tools include incentives and penalties that the government uses citizens and businesses to act in ways that achieve policy goals. Some of the tools the government used include banning tobacco advertisements 1,000 feet from schools and playgrounds and warning labels on 50% of the space on each package. This helps to reach the goal of protecting America’s youth and making people aware of the consequences.Other tools include, â€Å"Prohibiting distribution of free samples of cigarettes, restrict ing distribution of free samples of smokeless tobacco, and prohibiting tobacco brand name sponsorship of any athletic, musical, or other social or cultural events. † (FDA, 2012) These also help to protect the youth of America and help to prevent people from starting to smoke. Public policy effects are the outcomes that come from government regulation. Health advocates predicted that the new FDA standards could eventually reduce toxins and carcinogens in cigarettes or even make cigarettes taste so bad people no longer use them.The problem with this is that it could affect the public that already enjoys smoking. This could also hurt tobacco industries financially and hurt the public who may have to now pay more for cigarettes. Works Cited FDA. (2012, December 21). Tobacco Products. Retrieved from U. S. Food and Drug Administration: http://www. fda. gov/TobaccoProducts/ProtectingKidsfromTobacco/default. htm Lawrence, A. T. , & Weber, J. (2011). Business and Society. New York: McG raw-Hill/Irwin.

Free Essays on 19th Century American Male

â€Å"The Gentleman’s Page† The Lively Arts History Association (LAHA) put together a site called â€Å"The Gentleman’s Page: A Practical Guide for the 19th Century American Man.† Its web address is lahacal.org/gentleman/. The LAHA is a California organization formed to help facilitate better understanding of history looking through the eyes of the performing arts. So while it could be particularly helpful to actors, artists and musicians whose work includes 19th-Century themes, it is also likely to be of students of history whose mission is to truly understand life during that time. The site is divided into three primary sections: behavior, attire, and resources. The home page gives an interesting and user-friendly glimpse into the rest of site, without being too glitzy or hard to follow. The top of the page has a clear indication of the site’s title and purpose, the left column has easily recognizable tabs that guide the user through the section. The guts of the home page include high-quality photos that are good examples of men from the era. The lead quote on this site is from Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and describes the novel’s character, Colonel Grangerford: â€Å"His hands were long and thin, and every day of his life he put on a clean shirt and a full suit from head to foot made out of linen so white it could hurt your eyes to look at it; and on Sunday he wore a bluetail-coat and brass buttons on it †¦ There weren’t no frivolishness about him, not a bit, and he weren’t never loud.† This snippet gives a quick glimpse into what a man from that era might look like, and a sense of what the web site has to offer – a view of the look, feel and persona of someone from the 19th century. Behavior Section This section serves two purposes reasonably well: takes a look at men’s social and cultural habits, and puts those in a context of norms and events of the times: â€Å"Th... Free Essays on 19th Century American Male Free Essays on 19th Century American Male â€Å"The Gentleman’s Page† The Lively Arts History Association (LAHA) put together a site called â€Å"The Gentleman’s Page: A Practical Guide for the 19th Century American Man.† Its web address is lahacal.org/gentleman/. The LAHA is a California organization formed to help facilitate better understanding of history looking through the eyes of the performing arts. So while it could be particularly helpful to actors, artists and musicians whose work includes 19th-Century themes, it is also likely to be of students of history whose mission is to truly understand life during that time. The site is divided into three primary sections: behavior, attire, and resources. The home page gives an interesting and user-friendly glimpse into the rest of site, without being too glitzy or hard to follow. The top of the page has a clear indication of the site’s title and purpose, the left column has easily recognizable tabs that guide the user through the section. The guts of the home page include high-quality photos that are good examples of men from the era. The lead quote on this site is from Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and describes the novel’s character, Colonel Grangerford: â€Å"His hands were long and thin, and every day of his life he put on a clean shirt and a full suit from head to foot made out of linen so white it could hurt your eyes to look at it; and on Sunday he wore a bluetail-coat and brass buttons on it †¦ There weren’t no frivolishness about him, not a bit, and he weren’t never loud.† This snippet gives a quick glimpse into what a man from that era might look like, and a sense of what the web site has to offer – a view of the look, feel and persona of someone from the 19th century. Behavior Section This section serves two purposes reasonably well: takes a look at men’s social and cultural habits, and puts those in a context of norms and events of the times: â€Å"Th...

Beethoven Pastoral Symphony Essay Example for Free

Beethoven Pastoral Symphony Essay Beethoven was one of the pivotal composers that helped music evolve from the Classical period into the age of Romanticism. When discussing Beethoven’s success in classical compositions, his symphonies are at the forefront of most if not every conversation. However, even within the topic of his symphonies, some are naturally highlighted more than others. For example, one could reproduce the melody from either the opening movement of the Fifth or the finale of the Ninth and a majority of people would be able to recognize them. While these two works were revolutionary in the progression of symphonic music, they were not the only ones to have played important roles in this sense. Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony is a pivotal work in the expansion of music with programmatic characteristics. However, this symphony is one that sways between the realms of absolute and program music, for it can be identified with both categories of symphonic music. While it is highly unlikely that Beethoven viewed this composition as a truly programmatic piece, the Sixth Symphony has played an important role in the development of the symphony as a genre and influenced future composers of program music as well. In order to discuss the significance of the Pastoral Symphony, one must first shed light on the difference of program music from that of absolute music. Author R. W. S. Mendl describes absolute music as being â€Å"that which gives us pleasure by the sheer delight in sound patterns without having any emotional, pictorial, or literary references† and claims that music with programmatic content â€Å"attempt[s] to represent scenes, objects, or events which exist apart from music.† It is hard to gauge the amount of programmatic works prior to the Pastoral Symphony, simply due to the fact that the term â€Å"program music† was not used as a defining category of music at the time of their release. An estimated eighth of all symphonic works that were presented before Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony were composed with the intent of conveying particular images or scenes. It would seem that with such a small percentage of varying works that were composed to contain prog rammatic ideas, labeling these works with a universal genre proved to be somewhat difficult. With the expansion of this style of writing, naturally the encompassing term â€Å"program music† would become associated with such pieces. Around the time of Beethoven’s composing, music was undergoing a shift from the Classical period into an age of Romanticism. Compositions were expanding in numerous ways regarding form, orchestration, and harmonies that were being implemented. Beethoven has been called â€Å"the innovator who broke through the limitations of Classicism without abandoning them.† This is truly evident through his symphonic writing. While on the cusp of the Romantic era, it became evident to him that the stature of absolute music was on the rise. Lewis Lockwood states that from a compositional aspect, Beethoven looked down upon ‘program music’ for its seemingly shallow representation of actual sounds and lack of originality. In response to this rising style of music, he composed the Pastoral Symphony with the intent of merging illus trative ideas of programmatic music with the structure of absolute music. Beethoven successfully achieved a blend of programmatic and absolute ideas with this symphony, in order to create an overall pastoral feeling of nature rather than depict any specific image. While the symphony and its five movements are labeled with titles that were created by Beethoven himself, he believed that the overall pastoral idea of this work could be perceived by the audience without a description that would usually be necessary with a complete program piece. It is this idea that helped Beethoven create the title as it can be viewed on early sketches, â€Å"Pastoral Symphony or Memories of Country Life: More the Expression of Feeling than Tone-Painting.† It would appear that Beethoven intended to create a general mood that expresses the idea of nature rather than rely on specific images or one precise story to achieve this. Despite Beethoven’s general feelings towards program music and his conscious efforts to claim that the Sixth Symphony was more a collection of overall feelings rather than an attempt at creating one specific image, this piece is neither absolute or programmatic music but a blend of the two styles. The first point in this argument would be the fact that Beethoven attached titles to each of the five movements within this symphony that depict certain scenes associated with pastoral ideas. The headings for the movements are as follow: ‘Pleasant feelings which are awakened in mankind on arrival in the country’, ‘Scene by the brook’, ‘Joyful fellowship of country folk’, ‘Thunder and Storm’, and ‘Beneficent feeling after the storm joined with thanks to the deity’. The mere fact that this symphony is the only one of his nine to contain subtitles attached to each movement that describe a scene of nature favors the thought of the symphony being more programmatic than absolute. However, if one were to look past the movement headings and take into consideration the content of the music, one would observe that the first two movements contain very little defined imagery. From an analytical perspective of the form, the first ha lf of the symphony is rather conventional and resembles the absolute approach to music. These movements hold true to the subheading for the symphony in regards to creating overall feelings rather than one precise painting or story. While there are compositional devices used to help convey the pastoral feeling within the first half of the symphony, it is not until the end of the second movement that Beethoven truly utilizes extra musical associations to convey imagery. This andante movement entitled ‘Scene by the brook’ ends with the flute, oboe, and clarinet engaged in a coda while imitating birdcalls. The composer himself labeled these three woodwind voices as a nightingale, a quail, and a cuckoo, respectively. These birdcalls have led to several debates, discussions, and even complete articles that attempt to analyze the true meaning of their existence in the piece. No matter how they are interpreted, one fact remains still. The birdcalls act as segues from the symphonic first half to the more programmatic portion of the piece. The second half of the Sixth Symphony ventures away from conventional symphonic composing techniques found in the first two movements and includes more programmatic material. A strong indication of programmatic material resides within the later half of the symphony, where Beethoven includes several pastoral elements to enhance the musical imagery. The third movement consists of excited melodies in a compound-meter stylized scherzo representing country-dances. There are several points within this movement that have a drone in the bass that has been viewed as a depiction of bagpipes, an instrument that was frequently associated with the representation of pastoral ideas. This jovial dance-like movement transitions into the fourth movement, which resembles a storm. The storm is â€Å"clearly an example of tone-painting† with its explosive minor chords that represent thunder and lightning and the constant patter of rain in the strings’ lines. Another significant feature added to the symphony that aids the pastoral image is the use of a ranz des vaches in the final movement. The ranz des vaches was an alpine horn call that herdsmen used to summon cattle. Author, David Wyn Jones notes in his book that â€Å"common features of ranz des vaches melodies are: triadic motion, dotted 6/8 meter†¦frequent use of grace notes, all harmonized mainly by the tonic triad.† While looking at the horn call that Beethoven uses within his symphony, one would notice that it meets all of the criteria that Jones listed. The imagery associated with the Pastoral Symphony depicts scenes from nature, which was a subject close to Beethoven’s heart. Through journal entries and letters, one can deduce Beethoven’s love for nature. The following is a letter to Austrian musician and friend, Therese Malfatti in 1810 that depicts his feelings about the outdoors: How fortunate you are to have been able to go to the country so early in the year! Not before the 8th shall I be able to enjoy this delight: I look forward to it with childish anticipation. How glad I shall be to wander about amidst shrubs, forests, trees, herbs and rocks! No man can love the country as I do. For it is forests, trees and rocks that provide men with the resonance they desire. Through this letter and several other firsthand records, one can clearly see Beethoven’s infatuation for the outdoors and the justifiable reason to compose a piece that commemorates this love. It makes sense that the first large-scale work that includes extensive amounts of imagery would reflect the thing that he admired most. Along with the simple beauty of nature, there were other factors that influenced Beethoven while writing his Sixth Symphony. The inclusion of nature and rustic ideas within music was not uncommon to composers prior to Beethoven. Pastoral subjects could be found in several theatrical presentations, operas, and intermezzo from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. One notable work that inspired the development of the Pastoral Symphony was an oratorio written by Franz Joseph Haydn, his teacher and mentor early on in his composing career. Haydn’s oratorio, The Seasons, had an impact on Beethoven while he wrote his Sixth Symphony. Haydn incorporates arpeggiated horn calls in the aria â€Å"Der muntre Hirt† that begin â€Å"a sequence of summer scenes that will [eventually lead] to the storm† later in the oratorio. Similarly, Beethoven opens the fifth and final movement of his symphony with an arpeggiated melody in the French horns that subsequently signify the end of the storm that took place in the previous movement. Another example of musical quotation that Beethoven purposely incorporated is an oboe melody that â€Å"has long been understood as a quotation from Bach’s chorale ‘Birch an, o Schà ¶nes Morgenlicht,’ from the second part of the Christmas Oratorio†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is worth mentioning that prior to Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony, there had been other symphonic works to contain sections that resemble thunderstorms. Several commentaries on the Pastoral and its development discuss the 18th century German composer, Justin Heinrich Knecht and his piece entitled La Portrait musical de la nature. This work seems to contain similar programmatic ideas as that of Beethoven’s symphony, including a thunderstorm that interrupts the overall peaceful feeling of nature that resumes after the storm. In addition to preceding compositions that influenced Beethoven’s writings, there has been the suggestion for the possible influence from the literary writings of Scottish poet James Thomson, mostly that of his well known poems collectively titled â€Å"The Seasons†. While there is no concrete evidence that Beethoven took inspiration from this poem, some scholars feel that the poem possibly had an underlying effect on the outcome of the Pastoral Symphony. The text of the poem discusses nature, progressing through the four seasons starting with spring and ending with winter. The poem was translated to German in 1745 and served as a basis for Haydn’s oratorio that shares the same name. As discussed earlier, Beethoven drew inspiration from Haydn’s oratorio, so it would seem that he was indirectly influenced from the poetry of James Thomson for this reason even if he had no connection to the actual literature itself. So far there have been factors that support both sides of the argument in trying to define the Pastoral Symphony as either a work of absolute music, or one depicting tone painting. The mere fact that the piece contains an appropriate amount of material that justifies both categories, one should agree that this work could be viewed as the perfect synthesis of the two sides of the symphonic spectrum. The next step in understanding the influence that the Pastoral Symphony had on future composers of both absolute and programmatic works would naturally be to look at the general reception of the premiere of this piece. The Sixth Symphony received its first public performance on December 22nd, 1808 along with Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Beethoven worked on these two symphonies simultaneously in the years leading up to this concert. At this time however, the symphonies were labeled opposite of what they are viewed as today, which means that the Pastoral was written and performed as Beethoven’s fifth symphony, while the C-minor was viewed as his sixth. Over the course of time it would seem as though the Fifth Symphony has overpowered the Pastoral in the minds of audience members. While this may be true to some extent today, at the time, critics were singing praises to this wonderful portrayal of nature through melody and harmony. A review of the score in the musical journal of the time, Allgemeine musikalishce Zeitung, was typical in saying such things as â€Å"this work of Beethoven, wonderful, original, and full of life, which can be placed without hesitation besides his other masterworks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When comparing it to other compositions that focused on imagery of programmatic material, one critic claimed that â€Å"none of the musical paintings known until now can withstand comparison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Overall, the piece was welcomed positively and viewed as a representation for composers who desired to use programmatic features. Some of the compositional styles that would soon develop through the Romantic period can trace influence from Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony. When discussing compositions that drew inspiration from the Pastoral Symphony, one should mention Hector Berlioz’s programmatic work, Symphonie Fantastique. As a composer, Berlioz was an advocate for music with more programmatic tendencies and was viewed as a radical composer during his time. At one point in his career, Berlioz wrote critical reviews of Beethoven’s nine symphonies. When discussing the Sixth, he used descriptions such as, â€Å"delightful phrases [that] greet you, like the perfumed morning breeze† as well as â€Å"swarms of chattering birds in flight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With such joyous descriptions that Berlioz gave, it comes as no surprise that he would find inspiration from this piece for his own writing. Author, Owen Jander views the second movement in Beethoven’s symphony entitled â€Å"Scene by t he Brook† as an obvious â€Å"point of departure for the ‘Scene in the Meadows’ in Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique†. As mentioned earlier, Beethoven’s second movement has been the topic of several discussions concerning the Sixth Symphony, specifically, the imitation of birdcalls that can be found at the close of the movement. Jander believes the calls to symbolize Beethoven’s acceptance of his growing deafness and his own fate. If one is to agree with this interpretation, then the connection to Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique becomes one that is easy to accept. Berlioz’s third movement, entitled â€Å"Scene in the Meadows† opens with the English horn and the oboe representing two shepherds that are calling to one another. At the end of the movement, one of the â€Å"shepherds† return once more but is not joined by the other, but is instead replaced by the distant roll of thunder heard in the timpani. Those familiar with the piece and its program know that the concluding two movements that follow represent a personal hell and damnation for the protagonist. The connection between both that of Beethoven’s and Berlioz’s works would be the idea that both composers are aware of their own fate and accept it through the illustration of music. Another composer that was potentially influenced by the Pastoral Symphony was that of the German opera composer, Richard Wagner. As just discussed, it would seem that the second movement of Beethoven’s work is to represent the â€Å"realization of one’s destiny through nature†. In Wagner’s opera, Siegfried, there are scenes within the second act that take place in the forest. In which, the main character, Siegfried learns of his destiny from the ability to understand a forest bird. This situation is the exact opposite from that of Beethoven’s, where the composer realizes his destiny through the discovery that he can no longer hear. Two compositions that were separated by nearly one hundred years, both contain similar imagery that represents a person’s realization and acceptance of their destiny through nature. The chances of this being a coincidence seem rather unlikely. To say that that Beethoven’s Pastoral inspired Wagner’s us e of nature within this opera would be a fair conclusion. When discussing Beethoven, the Sixth Symphony may not be a piece that comes to mind right away; one might rather recall themes from other symphonies by him. However, the importance of this piece in the evolution of the symphony as a genre is too important to go overlooked. The mere fact that out of the nine symphonies that Beethoven wrote, the Sixth was the only one to receive a programmatic title and descriptive scenes attached to the movements is an indication at the significance of this work. It may not have directly influenced several composers in the years that followed as far as content is concerned, but Beethoven’s ability to combine aspects of program music with the absoluteness of a symphony opened the door to possibilities for future composers on both sides of the spectrum. Beethoven Pastoral Symphony. (2016, Dec 08).

Method of chemical strengthening Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Method of chemical strengthening - Coursework Example   A glass has low tensile strength compared to other solids. Glass is considered to be a liquid solid, an amorphous solid. It lacks crystalline structure which other solid used to have. Lacking crystalline structure, a glass has a very slow moving set of molecules with no definite arrangement. There are several techniques to strengthen tensile strength of a glass material. One technique is strengthening by means of so much heat and cold. The glass material is first heated at an extremely high temperature and then suddenly cooled. The effect of heating is by loosing more the molecules and the sudden cooling is to compress it thereafter. Another method of strengthening is called chemical strengthening. This is where the glass material is submerged into a potassium nitrate solution. The high-mass potassium molecule, which is bigger, then replaces the sodium molecule in the glass material. It compresses the surface of the glass material and thus, making it more tough. 3. Griffith is co ncerned not for the strength of a material but for more, the defects. His equation is to know the ability of a material to resist a flaw and fractures. He used Young’s modulus or the stress over strain ratio to get how much stress energy is needed for a material to rupture from a certain length of fracture. Needless to say, the less stress over strain ratio a material has the little stress energy it will need to rupture and collapse. Now steel in general has 200 GPa and a glass only has 90 GPa.